you can access task information using TaskContext:
import org.apache.spark.TaskContext
sc.parallelize(Seq[Int](), 4).mapPartitions(_ => {
    val ctx = TaskContext.get
    val stageId = ctx.stageId
    val partId = ctx.partitionId
    val hostname = java.net.InetAddress.getLocalHost().getHostName()
    Iterator(s"Stage: $stageId, Partition: $partId, Host: $hostname")
}).collect.foreach(println)
A similar functionality has been added to PySpark in Spark 2.2.0 (SPARK-18576):
from pyspark import TaskContext
import socket
def task_info(*_):
    ctx = TaskContext()
    return ["Stage: {0}, Partition: {1}, Host: {2}".format(
        ctx.stageId(), ctx.partitionId(), socket.gethostname())]
for x in sc.parallelize([], 4).mapPartitions(task_info).collect():
    print(x)